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Jean-François Marmontel (11 July 1723 – 31 December 1799) was a French historian and writer, a member of the Encyclopediste movement. ==Biography== He was born of poor parents at Bort, Limousin (today in Corrèze). After studying with the Jesuits at Mauriac, Cantal, he taught in their colleges at Clermont and Toulouse; and in 1745, acting on the advice of Voltaire, he set out for Paris to try for literary success. From 1748 to 1753 he wrote a succession of tragedies (''Denys le Tyran'' (1748); ''Aristomene'' (1749); ''Cleopâtre'' (1750); ''Heraclides'' (1752); ''Egyptus'' (1753)), which, though only moderately successful on the stage, secured Marmontel's introduction into literary and fashionable circles. He wrote a series of articles for the ''Encyclopédie'' evincing considerable critical power and insight, which in their collected form, under the title ''Eléments de Littérature'', still rank among the French classics. He also wrote several comic operas, the two best of which probably are ''Sylvain'' (1770) and ''Zémire et Azore'' (1771). In the Gluck–Piccinni controversy he was an eager partisan of Piccinni with whom he collaborated in Roland (Piccinni) (1778) and Atys (1779), both using Jean Baptiste Lully's libretto by Quinault as basis, ''Didon'' (1783) and ''Penelope'' (1785). In 1758 he gained the patronage of Madame de Pompadour, who obtained for him a place as a civil servant, and the management of the official journal ''Le Mercure'', in which he had already begun the famous series of ''Contes moraux''. The merit of these tales lies partly in the delicate finish of the style, but mainly in the graphic and charming pictures of French society under King Louis XV. The author was elected to the Académie française in 1763. In 1767 he published ''Bélisaire'', now remarkable in part because of a chapter on religious toleration which incurred the censure of the Sorbonne and the archbishop of Paris. Marmontel retorted in ''Les Incas'' (1777) by tracing the cruelties in Spanish America to the religious fanaticism of the invaders. He was appointed historiographer of France (1771), secretary to the Academy (1783), and professor of history in the Lycée (1786). As a historiographer, Marmontel wrote a history of the regency (1788). Reduced to poverty by the French Revolution, Marmontel retired during the Reign of Terror to Evreux, and soon afterwards to a cottage at Abloville (near Saint-Aubin-sur-Gaillon) in the ''département'' of Eure. There he wrote ''Memoires d'un père'' (4 vols., 1804), including a picturesque review of his life, a literary history of two important reigns, a great gallery of portraits extending from the venerable Jean Baptiste Massillon, whom more than half a century previously he had seen at Clermont, to Honoré Mirabeau. The book was nominally written for the instruction of his children. It contains an exquisite picture of his own childhood in the Limousin; its value for the literary historian is great. Marmontel lived for some time under the roof of Mme Geoffrin, and was present at her famous dinners given to artists; he was welcomed into most of the houses where the encyclopaedists met, and was a contributor to the ''Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers''.〔(Frank A. Kafker: ''Recherches sur Diderot et sur l'Encyclopédie.'' Année (1990) Volume 8 Numéro 8 p. 102 )〕 He thus had at his command the best material for his portraits, and made good use of his opportunities. After a short stay in Paris when elected in 1797 to the ''Conseil des Anciens'', he died at Abloville. 〔Sainte-Beuve, ''Causeries du lundi'', iv.; Morellet, ''Eloge'' (1805)〕 He was a member of the Masonic lodge Les Neuf Sœurs. John Ruskin named him as one of the three people in history who were the most influential for him.〔(John Ruskin: ''Sesame and Lilies'' )〕 In his autobiography, John Stuart Mill credits ''Memoires d'un père'' with curing him of depression.〔Collected Works of John Stuart Mill (1981) London, Routledge, Vol. 1, p. 145〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jean-François Marmontel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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